矿山土复垦利用试验

利用分层随机取样法取得开滦矿区范矿南矸石回填复土区不同复土方式、不同复土年份、不同土地利用形式及不同深度的矿山土样品,对矿山土的养分状况、酸性污染与重金属污染规律进行了研究．结果表明,矸石回填复土区完全可以种植白菜、白薯、大豆、葡萄、紫穗槐等植物;此类矿山土的酸性污染可以通过条带式复土、全面复土方式得到有效地控制,而穴植法效果不佳,养分状况可通过种植紫穗槐或牧草得到改善;重金属元素含量没有超标,但试验点的矿山土培肥及表土受空气与粉尘污染造成表土的重金属元素含量高于30cm处土壤．     

Nutrient status and pollution levels in five areas around a manganese mine in southern China

• The soil TP level was high or extremely high in all areas. • TN, OM and available Cu were insufficient in EA, TA and RA. • All areas reached the heavily polluted level and had high ecological risk levels. • Mn and Cd were the dominant pollutants. Nutrient status and pollution levels are the main factors affecting soil restoration. The nutrient status and pollution levels in five areas, an unexplored mine area (UA), an explored mine area (EA), a tailings area (TA), a reclamation area (RA) and an agricultural area (AA), around the Pingle manganese mine in Guangxi, China, were assessed in this study. The results showed that the average total phosphorus in these five areas ranged from 1.05 to 1.57 mg/kg, corresponding to grades of extremely high and high. The average total nitrogen values were 0.19, 0.69, 0.93, 1.24 and 1.67 mg/kg in EA, TA, RA, UA and AA, corresponding to grades of very low, low, medium-low, medium-high and medium-high, respectively. The average organic matter values were 12.78, 8.92, 22.77, 21.29 and 29.11 mg/kg in EA, TA, RA, UA and AA, which corresponded to grades of medium-low, low, medium-high, medium-high and medium-high, respectively. All these results indicated that the total phosphorus was sufficient in these areas, while the total nitrogen and organic matter were insufficient in EA, TA and RA. The available concentrations of Mn and Zn corresponded to the intermediate grade, while the values for Cu corresponded to the very low grade; these might be another factor restricting ecological reclamation. Contamination and ecological risk assessments based on the single contamination index, Nemerow multi-factor index and potential ecological risk index showed that the five tested areas around the Mn mine were considered heavily polluted and presented high ecological risk. Mn and Cd were the dominant pollutants.     

沿海滩涂垦殖对土壤氮总转化速率的影响分析

滩涂湿地在吸收、转化和滞留氮、磷等营养元素方面具有重要功能。选取江苏东部沿海典型滩涂区,分别对垦殖时间为0、3、6、17、30、60 a的沿海滩涂进行采样,对相应的土壤氮总转化速率指标进行实验测定。结果表明,滩涂垦殖后,表征氮素活化过程的指标,如总矿化率、总硝化率、净矿化率和净硝化率等有所增加,而有利于氮固持的铵态氮同化率指标无显著变化,硝态氮同化率指标变慢;围垦期限超过30 a后,各氮总转化速率指标渐趋稳定。相关性分析表明,净矿化率、总矿化率、铵态氮同化率、净硝化率、总硝化率与围垦年限呈显著正相关(p<0.01),相关性系数分别为0.966、0.929、0.819、0.800、0.798;硝态氮同化率与围垦年限呈显著负相关(p<0.01),相关性系数为-0.685;除铵态氮外,全氮、硝态氮、pH值、有机碳均与各氮总转化速率指标呈显著相关关系(p<0.01)。滩涂垦殖后土壤理化性质指标的改变带来土壤氮总转化速率的变化,一定程度上破坏了土壤氮生态系统平衡。     

Effects of fluoride on the removal of cadmium and phosphate by aluminum coagulation

This study focuses on the effects of pH and fluoride at different molar ratios of fluoride to Al (R_F:Al) on the removal of cadmium (Cd²⁺) and phosphate by Al coagulation. Fluoride at R_F:Al ≥ 3:1 inhibits the removal of Cd over wide Al dose ranges from 5 to 10 mg/L as Al. The removal of phosphate decreases significantly at high R_F:Al of 10:1 whereas at lowered R_F:Al (i.e., ≤ 6:1), an adverse effect is observed only at insufficient Al doses below 2 mg/L. Fluoride shows inhibitive effects towards the removal of Cd at pH 7 and 8 and that of phosphate at pH 6. Fluoride decreases the ζ-potential in both systems, and the decreasing extent is positively correlated to the elevated R_F:Al. The Al fluoride interactions include the formation of Al–F complexes and the adsorption of fluoride onto Al(OH)₃ precipitates, i.e., the formation of Al(OH)_nF_m. Al–F complex formation inhibits Al hydrolysis and increases residual Al levels, and a more significant increase was observed at lower pH. Al–F complexes at high R_F:Al complicate the coagulation behavior of Al towards both negative and positive ionic species. Moreover, fluoride at low R_F:Al shows little effect on Al coagulation behavior towards Cd^2 + and phosphate, and the spent defluoridation adsorbent, i.e., aluminum (Al) hydro(oxide) with adsorbed fluoride at R_F:Al of below 0.1:1, may be reclaimed as a coagulant after being dissolved.     

Genotoxic effects of microcystins mediated by nitric oxide and mitochondria

<正>Microcystins are potent toxins,produced naturally by cyanobacteria(blue green algae),and they present significant threats to human and animal health(WHO,1999;Chorus,2001;Carmichael et al.,2001;Falconer,2005;IARC,2010;Ma et al.,2015).These cyclic peptides consist of five common core amino     

Reclamation with phytoremediation of area affected by sewage sludge at the Thessaloniki Wastewater Treatment Plant in Sindos (Greece)

The present research focused on the experimental investigation of phytoreclamation of areas affected by sewage sludge disposal and improving the quality of the sludge. It was conducted in two stages: laboratory and pilot applications. This paper reports on the first stage, which tested, under greenhouse conditions, the possibility of using various species of plants cultivated in the sludge from the Thessaloniki Wastewater Treatment Plant (ThWWTP, Greece) with different amendments. The results of the 30-day experiment showed that the quality of the output sludge material varied significantly in comparison to the input sludge material. These variations were considered as positive, as the output sludge obtained texture and structure, aeration conditions were improved, and the content of some trace metals, excess nutrients (e.g., P), and salts (of Na) were reduced. These were all influenced by both the type of treatment and the plant species used. In conclusion, the best treatments, T1, T3, and T4 (soil/sludge mixture 70%/30%, soil/sludge/gravel mixture 50%/25%/25%, and soil/sludge/gravel mixture 45%/45%/10%, respectively), and the best suited plant species, Helianthus annuus L. and Zea mays L., were proposed to be used in the pilot application (in situ) at the site within the ThWWTP.     

避光处理对污水紫外线消毒后大肠杆菌光复活的影响研究

以大肠杆菌为受试菌种,研究了避光处理对紫外线消毒后三级出水中细菌光复活的影响.将紫外线消毒后的水样避光放置一定时间后再置于光复活条件下,研究了大肠杆菌的复活特性.结果表明,避光放置6h以内,见光后大肠杆菌的光复活能力即刻恢复,并最终达到与非避光处理基本相同的最大复活值;5 mJ/cm2和20mJ/cm2紫外线剂量照射后,最大复活百分比分别为31.1%和0.45%,复活速率分别为1.67×104CFU·(mL·h)-1和125 CFU·(mL·h)-1.延长避光时间至24 h,5 mJ/cm2和20mJ/cm2紫外线剂量照射后的大肠杆菌见光后,最大复活百分比分别减小到10.0%和0.3%,复活速率分别减小到830CFU·(mL·h)-1和20CFU·(mL·h)-1.以上结果表明,延迟消毒后出水见光时间,只能在一定程度上推迟或削弱大肠杆菌的光复活,并不能有效保证复活受到抑制,即紫外线消毒后出水中的微生物仍然存在高的复活风险.     

基于生产者责任延伸制的废旧电池回收模式研究

为了保护环境和循环利用资源,废旧电池回收问题已经引起社会各方面的广泛关注。文章分析了我国废旧电池的回收现状,借鉴国外的经验,提出了我国废旧电池的回收模式——即生产者责任延伸制下的回收模式,运用数学模型进行比较分析,得出生产者负责回收的模式具有明显优势。     

粉煤灰的资源化利用与循环经济

阐述了燃煤固体产物粉煤灰的形成过程及其物理和化学特性,并对其利用潜力进行了系统评价,提出了建立粉煤灰资源化利用和发展循环经济相结合的发展模式。     

天津临港工业区循环经济发展思路

天津临港工业区作为滨海新区重要组成部分,港口经济特点突出,是我国临港型工业发展的典型代表。从港口工业一体化港区联动的循环经济产业体系、围海造陆特色区域的循环经济发展新模式、公用工程岛资源能源集成共享网路和循环经济支撑体系多维角度,构建临港型工业区循环经济发展思路,探索临港型区域发展循环经济的途径和模式,以期为我国同类区域循环经济发展提供经验借鉴。